Cisco CCNA CCNP BCMSN Exam Review Trunking And Trunking Protocols
Thursday, 20 August 2009Posted by
Best-Product
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Cisco CCNA CCNP Certification Exam Tutorial Floating Static Routes
Posted by
Best-Product
To pass the Cisco CCNA and CCNP certification exams
as well as becoming a world-class networker
you've got to know how and when to use floating static routes. And if you're wondering what makes them "float" -- read on!
In this example
R1 and R2 are running OSPF over a Frame Relay network
172.12
/24. They're also connected by a BRI ISDN link
172.12
/24. R1 is advertising a loopback network
1.1
/32
via OSPF. We want R2 to have a route to that loopback even if the frame goes down - and here
we'll use a floating static route to make that happen.
R2 sees the route to the loopback interface via OSPF
and can ping that interface successfully.
R2#show ip route ospf
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
R2#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5
100
ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1
timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5)
round-trip min/avg/max = 68/68/68 ms
This is when it's important to know your administrative distances.... or at least know where to look to see them! The AD of OSPF is 110
which means we can configure a static route to 1.1.1.1 /32
and as long as the AD of the static route is higher than 110
it won't be used unless the OSPF route leaves the routing table. That's why this kind of route is called a "floating" static route - the route "floats" in the routing table and isn't seen unless the primary route leaves the table.
You learned how to write a static route in your CCNA studies
but you also remember that the default AD of a static route is either 1 or 0... and both of those values are less than 110! To change the AD of a static route
configure the desired distance at the end of the ip route command.
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 bri0 ?
<1-255> Distance metric for this route
A.B.C.D Forwarding router's address
name Specify name of the next hop
permanent permanent route
tag Set tag for this route
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 bri0 111
The static route has an AD that's only one higher than that of the OSPF route
but that's enough to make the route "float" and not yet be seen in the routing table.
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
2
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
C 172.12.123.0 is directly connected
Serial0
Let's see the effect on the routing table when the Serial0 interface is closed.
R2(config)#int s0
R2(config-if)#shutdown
12:04:53: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1
Nbr 172.12.123.1 on Serial0 from FULL to DOWN
Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
12:04:55: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
12:04:55: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0
changed state to administratively down
12:04:56: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0
changed state to down
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
S 1.1.1.1 is directly connected
BRI0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
1
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
The floating static route appears in the table
but the ISDN link will not come up until the BRI interface has traffic to send. Let's ping 1.1.1.1 and see what happens. debug dialer was configured on R2 before sending the ping.
R2#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5
100
ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1
timeout is 2 seconds:
12:16:01: BR0 DDR: Dialing cause ip (s=172.12.12.2
d=1.1.1.1)
12:16:01: BR0 DDR: Attempting to dial 8358661
12:16:01: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1
changed state to up.!!
12:16:01: BR0:1 DDR: dialer protocol up!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5)
round-trip min/avg/max = 36/37/40 ms
The link comes up and traffic can still reach 1.1.1.1. Once R2 becomes an OSPF neighbor of R1 again
the OSPF route will again become the primary path and the floating static route leaves the routing table.
R2(config)#int s0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
172.12.123.1 1 FULL/DR 00:01:57 172.12.123.1 Serial0
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
2
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
C 172.12.123.0 is directly connected
Serial0
A floating static route is an excellent "back door" that will keep the ISDN link down while allowing that link to serve as a backup route. Just make sure the ISDN link comes down when you expect it to - always check that with show isdn status!
Read More “Cisco CCNA CCNP Certification Exam Tutorial Floating Static Routes”
as well as becoming a world-class networker
you've got to know how and when to use floating static routes. And if you're wondering what makes them "float" -- read on!
In this example
R1 and R2 are running OSPF over a Frame Relay network
172.12
/24. They're also connected by a BRI ISDN link
172.12
/24. R1 is advertising a loopback network
1.1
/32
via OSPF. We want R2 to have a route to that loopback even if the frame goes down - and here
we'll use a floating static route to make that happen.
R2 sees the route to the loopback interface via OSPF
and can ping that interface successfully.
R2#show ip route ospf
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
R2#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5
100
ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1
timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5)
round-trip min/avg/max = 68/68/68 ms
This is when it's important to know your administrative distances.... or at least know where to look to see them! The AD of OSPF is 110
which means we can configure a static route to 1.1.1.1 /32
and as long as the AD of the static route is higher than 110
it won't be used unless the OSPF route leaves the routing table. That's why this kind of route is called a "floating" static route - the route "floats" in the routing table and isn't seen unless the primary route leaves the table.
You learned how to write a static route in your CCNA studies
but you also remember that the default AD of a static route is either 1 or 0... and both of those values are less than 110! To change the AD of a static route
configure the desired distance at the end of the ip route command.
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 bri0 ?
<1-255> Distance metric for this route
A.B.C.D Forwarding router's address
name Specify name of the next hop
permanent permanent route
tag Set tag for this route
R2(config)#ip route 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255 bri0 111
The static route has an AD that's only one higher than that of the OSPF route
but that's enough to make the route "float" and not yet be seen in the routing table.
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
2
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
C 172.12.123.0 is directly connected
Serial0
Let's see the effect on the routing table when the Serial0 interface is closed.
R2(config)#int s0
R2(config-if)#shutdown
12:04:53: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Process 1
Nbr 172.12.123.1 on Serial0 from FULL to DOWN
Neighbor Down: Interface down or detached
12:04:55: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
12:04:55: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Serial0
changed state to administratively down
12:04:56: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0
changed state to down
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
S 1.1.1.1 is directly connected
BRI0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
1
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
The floating static route appears in the table
but the ISDN link will not come up until the BRI interface has traffic to send. Let's ping 1.1.1.1 and see what happens. debug dialer was configured on R2 before sending the ping.
R2#ping 1.1.1.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5
100
ICMP Echos to 1.1.1.1
timeout is 2 seconds:
12:16:01: BR0 DDR: Dialing cause ip (s=172.12.12.2
d=1.1.1.1)
12:16:01: BR0 DDR: Attempting to dial 8358661
12:16:01: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1
changed state to up.!!
12:16:01: BR0:1 DDR: dialer protocol up!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5)
round-trip min/avg/max = 36/37/40 ms
The link comes up and traffic can still reach 1.1.1.1. Once R2 becomes an OSPF neighbor of R1 again
the OSPF route will again become the primary path and the floating static route leaves the routing table.
R2(config)#int s0
R2(config-if)#no shut
R2#show ip ospf neighbor
Neighbor ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface
172.12.123.1 1 FULL/DR 00:01:57 172.12.123.1 Serial0
R2#show ip route
1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted
1
subnets
O 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1
0
Serial0
172.12.0.0/24 is subnetted
2
subnets
C 172.12.12.0 is directly connected
BRI0
C 172.12.123.0 is directly connected
Serial0
A floating static route is an excellent "back door" that will keep the ISDN link down while allowing that link to serve as a backup route. Just make sure the ISDN link comes down when you expect it to - always check that with show isdn status!
Cisco Microsoft Computer Certification Be Ready For Your Opportunity
Tuesday, 18 August 2009Posted by
Best-Product
I was reading The Big Moo: Stop Trying To Be Perfect and Start Being Remarkable this morning
and I’d recommend a copy of this to anyone who wants to improve their career and their future. And that’s all of us
right?
There was one particular line that really stood out to me: Betting on change is always the safest bet available. That describes life perfectly
but it also describes a career in Information Technology perfectly as well. There is no field in the world that has the constant and never-ending changes that IT does. And every single one of us can look at this as a massive opportunity for personal and professional growth.
Is that how you’re looking at it? I remember when I passed my first certification exam
the Novell CAN
back in 1997. Man
I thought I knew it all then! But I quickly learned that you’ve got to keep learning in IT. I also learned that if you’re willing to put in the work and make the sacrifices
there’s no other field with the limitless potential for growth and excellence.
Like everyone else
my career has had its ups and downs
but I always kept learning and growing. Today
I’ve got my dream job
working with studI was reading The Big Moo: Stop Trying To Be Perfect and Start Being Remarkable this morning
and I’d recommend a copy of this to anyone who wants to improve their career and their future. And that’s all of us
right?
There was one particular line that really stood out to me: Betting on change is always the safest bet available. That describes life perfectly
but it also describes a career in Information Technology perfectly as well. There is no field in the world that has the constant and never-ending changes that IT does. And every single one of us can look at this as a massive opportunity for personal and professional growth.
Is that how you’re looking at it? I remember when I passed my first certification exam
the Novell CAN
back in 1997. Man
I thought I knew it all then! But I quickly learned that you’ve got to keep learning in IT. I also learned that if you’re willing to put in the work and make the sacrifices
there’s no other field with the limitless potential for growth and excellence.
Like everyone else
my career has had its ups and downs
but I always kept learning and growing. Today
I’ve got my dream job
working with students and customers just like you – to help you create your own future.
The next 18 months are filled with endless possibilities
particularly with the rapid growth of VoIP and Microsoft Vista on the horizon. There will be those who rationalize their inertia
saying “I’ll never have to support those
so I don’t need to learn them."
There will also be those who see VoIP and Vista as enormous opportunities to learn and advance in their careers and their lives. These people will get started today
learning the fundamentals of Cisco and advancing their networking knowledge in order to be ready for opportunities as they come along.
You can’t start studying and learning when the opportunity arrives – you’ve got to be ready when opportunity knocks. If you’ve been putting off studying for a Cisco or other computer certification – and I know the summer is a really good time for putting off studying – get back on track today.
Because you never know what opportunities are going to come along – but you do know that when they do
you’ve got to be ready to take advantage. After all
opportunity really does knock only once!
ents and customers just like you – to help you create your own future.
The next 18 months are filled with endless possibilities
particularly with the rapid growth of VoIP and Microsoft Vista on the horizon. There will be those who rationalize their inertia
saying “I’ll never have to support those
so I don’t need to learn them."
There will also be those who see VoIP and Vista as enormous opportunities to learn and advance in their careers and their lives. These people will get started today
learning the fundamentals of Cisco and advancing their networking knowledge in order to be ready for opportunities as they come along.
You can’t start studying and learning when the opportunity arrives – you’ve got to be ready when opportunity knocks. If you’ve been putting off studying for a Cisco or other computer certification – and I know the summer is a really good time for putting off studying – get back on track today.
Because you never know what opportunities are going to come along – but you do know that when they do
you’ve got to be ready to take advantage. After all
opportunity really does knock only once!
Read More “Cisco Microsoft Computer Certification Be Ready For Your Opportunity”
and I’d recommend a copy of this to anyone who wants to improve their career and their future. And that’s all of us
right?
There was one particular line that really stood out to me: Betting on change is always the safest bet available. That describes life perfectly
but it also describes a career in Information Technology perfectly as well. There is no field in the world that has the constant and never-ending changes that IT does. And every single one of us can look at this as a massive opportunity for personal and professional growth.
Is that how you’re looking at it? I remember when I passed my first certification exam
the Novell CAN
back in 1997. Man
I thought I knew it all then! But I quickly learned that you’ve got to keep learning in IT. I also learned that if you’re willing to put in the work and make the sacrifices
there’s no other field with the limitless potential for growth and excellence.
Like everyone else
my career has had its ups and downs
but I always kept learning and growing. Today
I’ve got my dream job
working with studI was reading The Big Moo: Stop Trying To Be Perfect and Start Being Remarkable this morning
and I’d recommend a copy of this to anyone who wants to improve their career and their future. And that’s all of us
right?
There was one particular line that really stood out to me: Betting on change is always the safest bet available. That describes life perfectly
but it also describes a career in Information Technology perfectly as well. There is no field in the world that has the constant and never-ending changes that IT does. And every single one of us can look at this as a massive opportunity for personal and professional growth.
Is that how you’re looking at it? I remember when I passed my first certification exam
the Novell CAN
back in 1997. Man
I thought I knew it all then! But I quickly learned that you’ve got to keep learning in IT. I also learned that if you’re willing to put in the work and make the sacrifices
there’s no other field with the limitless potential for growth and excellence.
Like everyone else
my career has had its ups and downs
but I always kept learning and growing. Today
I’ve got my dream job
working with students and customers just like you – to help you create your own future.
The next 18 months are filled with endless possibilities
particularly with the rapid growth of VoIP and Microsoft Vista on the horizon. There will be those who rationalize their inertia
saying “I’ll never have to support those
so I don’t need to learn them."
There will also be those who see VoIP and Vista as enormous opportunities to learn and advance in their careers and their lives. These people will get started today
learning the fundamentals of Cisco and advancing their networking knowledge in order to be ready for opportunities as they come along.
You can’t start studying and learning when the opportunity arrives – you’ve got to be ready when opportunity knocks. If you’ve been putting off studying for a Cisco or other computer certification – and I know the summer is a really good time for putting off studying – get back on track today.
Because you never know what opportunities are going to come along – but you do know that when they do
you’ve got to be ready to take advantage. After all
opportunity really does knock only once!
ents and customers just like you – to help you create your own future.
The next 18 months are filled with endless possibilities
particularly with the rapid growth of VoIP and Microsoft Vista on the horizon. There will be those who rationalize their inertia
saying “I’ll never have to support those
so I don’t need to learn them."
There will also be those who see VoIP and Vista as enormous opportunities to learn and advance in their careers and their lives. These people will get started today
learning the fundamentals of Cisco and advancing their networking knowledge in order to be ready for opportunities as they come along.
You can’t start studying and learning when the opportunity arrives – you’ve got to be ready when opportunity knocks. If you’ve been putting off studying for a Cisco or other computer certification – and I know the summer is a really good time for putting off studying – get back on track today.
Because you never know what opportunities are going to come along – but you do know that when they do
you’ve got to be ready to take advantage. After all
opportunity really does knock only once!
Cisco MCSE Exam Study Creating A Road Map To Success
Posted by
Best-Product
Planning for success on the CCNA
CCNP
and other Cisco exams is much like taking a trip in your car. You've got to plan ahead
accept the occasional detour
and just keep on going until you get there. But what do you do before you get started?
Create a road map - for success.
If you were driving from one side of the country to another
you certainly wouldn't just get in your car and start driving
would you? No. You would plan the trip out ahead of time. What would happen if you just got in the car and started driving in the hope that you would someday arrive at your final destination? You would never get there
and you'd spend a lot of time wandering aimlessly.
Don't spend your study time and slow your progress by studying for a Cisco exam without planning the trip. Schedule your study time as you would an appointment with a client
and keep that appointment. Make sure that your study time is quality study - turn your TV
iPod
and cell off. If you hit a bump in the road and don't get your certification the first time you take the exam
regroup and create another plan. Study until you get to the point that on exam day
you know that you are already a CCNA or CCNP and you’re just there at the testing center to make it official.
The journey to success is not a straight line. When you look at a chart that shows a company's financial progress
the line never goes straight up. there are some ups and downs
but the overall result is success. The path to your eventual career and certification exam success may not be a direct one
but the important part is to get started - and to get any journey started
you've got to create a road map for a successful arrival at your destination.
Read More “Cisco MCSE Exam Study Creating A Road Map To Success”
CCNP
and other Cisco exams is much like taking a trip in your car. You've got to plan ahead
accept the occasional detour
and just keep on going until you get there. But what do you do before you get started?
Create a road map - for success.
If you were driving from one side of the country to another
you certainly wouldn't just get in your car and start driving
would you? No. You would plan the trip out ahead of time. What would happen if you just got in the car and started driving in the hope that you would someday arrive at your final destination? You would never get there
and you'd spend a lot of time wandering aimlessly.
Don't spend your study time and slow your progress by studying for a Cisco exam without planning the trip. Schedule your study time as you would an appointment with a client
and keep that appointment. Make sure that your study time is quality study - turn your TV
iPod
and cell off. If you hit a bump in the road and don't get your certification the first time you take the exam
regroup and create another plan. Study until you get to the point that on exam day
you know that you are already a CCNA or CCNP and you’re just there at the testing center to make it official.
The journey to success is not a straight line. When you look at a chart that shows a company's financial progress
the line never goes straight up. there are some ups and downs
but the overall result is success. The path to your eventual career and certification exam success may not be a direct one
but the important part is to get started - and to get any journey started
you've got to create a road map for a successful arrival at your destination.
Certification Q A Types Of Certifications To Consider For Computer-Related Careers
Posted by
Best-Product
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a PC Specialist career?
As a PC Specialist
people will rely on your specialized computer training and skills to keep the office running smoothly. You must have the following certifications:
• PC Specialist Certificate
• Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
• Microsoft Certified Professional
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Software Engineer career?
The software engineer designs and develops systems to control and automate manufacturing
business
or management processes. To obtain a position as a Software Engineer
you must have:
• A four-year degree in a computer-related discipline is required for most software engineering positions.
• Certification in various software applications is suggested.
• Training programs are available at community colleges
vocational schools
technical institutes and in the Armed Forces.
Earning and maintaining computer certification is a good way for software engineers to keep their skills up to date. In addition to Microsoft
Novell
Cisco and other high-tech companies
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society offers relevant computer certifications.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Systems Analyst career?
These workers figure out how to use computers to get things done. They tell businesses and other organizations which computers and software to buy
and they decide how to get those tools to work together. To qualify on this position
you must have:
• A four-year college degree in computer science
information science
or management information systems.
• Microsoft Certification and Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Systems Engineer career?
Systems engineering is like putting together a puzzle
matching varied pieces together to make one cohesive whole. Here are some certifications you need to comply:
• BS in systems engineering or other related engineering discipline or an equivalent combination of education and work related experience.
• Novell certifications
Earning computer certification at a prestigious educational institution is impressive. But
if you don't have that kind of money
you may take computer certification training courses anywhere and anyway you wish and then pay to take the exams. Passing the exams is what earns computer certification.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Technical Instructor career?
As a technical instructor
you need to be mature and very oriented towards people. To be considered
you must have the following certifications:
• A four-year degree in a computer-related discipline is required for most software engineering positions.
• CompTIA’s Certified Technical Trainer (CTT+) certification.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Wireless Specialist career?
Career certification programs are critical for aspiring Wireless Specialists. Many are looking for programs that have a complete engineering curriculum that concentrates entirely on wireless application. Some of these are the following:
• Certified Wireless Professional includes application for wireless development
its networking elements and security
and embedded systems. Number of hours needed to complete the certification depends on the institution offering the program
but in most cases these certifications requires minimum of 200 hours lecture in class room and an average of 200 hours in laboratory practice.
• Cisco Security Professional Design Certifications merely concentrates on the perimeter security of the data in the web site
largely to avoid being hacked. Different versions of Web security courses such as DVS 1.0 and DPS 1.0 are available for reference.
Read More “Certification Q A Types Of Certifications To Consider For Computer-Related Careers”
As a PC Specialist
people will rely on your specialized computer training and skills to keep the office running smoothly. You must have the following certifications:
• PC Specialist Certificate
• Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
• Microsoft Certified Professional
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Software Engineer career?
The software engineer designs and develops systems to control and automate manufacturing
business
or management processes. To obtain a position as a Software Engineer
you must have:
• A four-year degree in a computer-related discipline is required for most software engineering positions.
• Certification in various software applications is suggested.
• Training programs are available at community colleges
vocational schools
technical institutes and in the Armed Forces.
Earning and maintaining computer certification is a good way for software engineers to keep their skills up to date. In addition to Microsoft
Novell
Cisco and other high-tech companies
the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society offers relevant computer certifications.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Systems Analyst career?
These workers figure out how to use computers to get things done. They tell businesses and other organizations which computers and software to buy
and they decide how to get those tools to work together. To qualify on this position
you must have:
• A four-year college degree in computer science
information science
or management information systems.
• Microsoft Certification and Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP)
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Systems Engineer career?
Systems engineering is like putting together a puzzle
matching varied pieces together to make one cohesive whole. Here are some certifications you need to comply:
• BS in systems engineering or other related engineering discipline or an equivalent combination of education and work related experience.
• Novell certifications
Earning computer certification at a prestigious educational institution is impressive. But
if you don't have that kind of money
you may take computer certification training courses anywhere and anyway you wish and then pay to take the exams. Passing the exams is what earns computer certification.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Technical Instructor career?
As a technical instructor
you need to be mature and very oriented towards people. To be considered
you must have the following certifications:
• A four-year degree in a computer-related discipline is required for most software engineering positions.
• CompTIA’s Certified Technical Trainer (CTT+) certification.
* What kinds of certifications should I consider for a Wireless Specialist career?
Career certification programs are critical for aspiring Wireless Specialists. Many are looking for programs that have a complete engineering curriculum that concentrates entirely on wireless application. Some of these are the following:
• Certified Wireless Professional includes application for wireless development
its networking elements and security
and embedded systems. Number of hours needed to complete the certification depends on the institution offering the program
but in most cases these certifications requires minimum of 200 hours lecture in class room and an average of 200 hours in laboratory practice.
• Cisco Security Professional Design Certifications merely concentrates on the perimeter security of the data in the web site
largely to avoid being hacked. Different versions of Web security courses such as DVS 1.0 and DPS 1.0 are available for reference.
Certification Q A The Basics Of Certification
Posted by
Best-Product
* What does certified mean?
There are four accepted meanings of the adjective “certified” but only two of which satisfy the needed meaning. To be certified means to be endorsed with authority by an institution or a person with higher position after one successfully meets certain requirements. Another meaning is that a person is qualified to do a certain job as supported by an appropriate document better known and regarded as a Certification.
* What certifications are there?
If you are pertaining to online certifications
there are lots to be traced. To help you find one best certification that fits your ability and interest
you may log on to reliable sites in the internet. For now
the following are the basic IT certifications:
• IT Auditing
• Document Imaging
• E-Commerce
• Internet/Intranet
• Linux
• Networking
• Printing
• Project Management
• IT Security
• Servers
• Service Technician
• Technical Trainer
• Webmaster
* Who benefits from certification?
Primarily the one given a certification benefits more. Being certified means one can properly function on a certain job. This means
companies will easily hire a person with certification especially when certifications come from a reliable learning institution.
In some ways
the company to which a certified person intends to apply for work will also benefit since the performance of the applying employee is being supported with a certification.
* Is certification better than experience?
The answer for that is a big "No." Certification means training. It is impossible for a person to send himself training without experiencing what it is he intends to do. For this reason
we cannot equate certification from experience since they do not share the same purpose. However
if you already have work experience
a certification is a big help for promotion
recognition and pay raises.
On the other hand
companies are not solely after experience but after educational attainments and performances. In other words
having completed a course as proved by a certification is a chance to be hired.
* Which certification program is best for me?
The best certification program for you is the one that fits your interests and capabilities. Those two factors should be considered above all ese when finding the right and best certification program for you.
* How much will getting certified cost?
Almost all training packages from different training institutions are cost effective. The training cost will depend on the training you want to pursue and in which training institution you intend to enroll. Generally
a trainee should prepare to pay between $100 and $400 for each training program.
* How long will certification take?
There are training institutions that offer a 6-month online training program. The usual training timeframe is one year. This length of training may exceed to a maximum of 2 years depending on the program conducted.
* Do I need a college degree to be certified?
You do not need a college degree to be certified. Some certification programs require one to have at least finished high school upon enrolling in a certain course.
* Will certification really help my career?
A certification may help your career. Nowadays
competition in the jobs is getting tougher. For one to stay in his or her job or to be promoted to a higher position
one factor to consider is his or her educational achievements. That is one reason why mastering your field of work by means of studying and training can be a great boost for your career. That is where a certification program can make or break your career advancement.
* Will I have to go somewhere for my certification training?
While you can find local institutions where you can take classes and tests
most training is done online now. You do not need to go somewhere else for your training. You do not even need to attend classes personally for your lessons. Not only is training done mostly online now
but examinations for certification are also given online.
Read More “Certification Q A The Basics Of Certification”
There are four accepted meanings of the adjective “certified” but only two of which satisfy the needed meaning. To be certified means to be endorsed with authority by an institution or a person with higher position after one successfully meets certain requirements. Another meaning is that a person is qualified to do a certain job as supported by an appropriate document better known and regarded as a Certification.
* What certifications are there?
If you are pertaining to online certifications
there are lots to be traced. To help you find one best certification that fits your ability and interest
you may log on to reliable sites in the internet. For now
the following are the basic IT certifications:
• IT Auditing
• Document Imaging
• E-Commerce
• Internet/Intranet
• Linux
• Networking
• Printing
• Project Management
• IT Security
• Servers
• Service Technician
• Technical Trainer
• Webmaster
* Who benefits from certification?
Primarily the one given a certification benefits more. Being certified means one can properly function on a certain job. This means
companies will easily hire a person with certification especially when certifications come from a reliable learning institution.
In some ways
the company to which a certified person intends to apply for work will also benefit since the performance of the applying employee is being supported with a certification.
* Is certification better than experience?
The answer for that is a big "No." Certification means training. It is impossible for a person to send himself training without experiencing what it is he intends to do. For this reason
we cannot equate certification from experience since they do not share the same purpose. However
if you already have work experience
a certification is a big help for promotion
recognition and pay raises.
On the other hand
companies are not solely after experience but after educational attainments and performances. In other words
having completed a course as proved by a certification is a chance to be hired.
* Which certification program is best for me?
The best certification program for you is the one that fits your interests and capabilities. Those two factors should be considered above all ese when finding the right and best certification program for you.
* How much will getting certified cost?
Almost all training packages from different training institutions are cost effective. The training cost will depend on the training you want to pursue and in which training institution you intend to enroll. Generally
a trainee should prepare to pay between $100 and $400 for each training program.
* How long will certification take?
There are training institutions that offer a 6-month online training program. The usual training timeframe is one year. This length of training may exceed to a maximum of 2 years depending on the program conducted.
* Do I need a college degree to be certified?
You do not need a college degree to be certified. Some certification programs require one to have at least finished high school upon enrolling in a certain course.
* Will certification really help my career?
A certification may help your career. Nowadays
competition in the jobs is getting tougher. For one to stay in his or her job or to be promoted to a higher position
one factor to consider is his or her educational achievements. That is one reason why mastering your field of work by means of studying and training can be a great boost for your career. That is where a certification program can make or break your career advancement.
* Will I have to go somewhere for my certification training?
While you can find local institutions where you can take classes and tests
most training is done online now. You do not need to go somewhere else for your training. You do not even need to attend classes personally for your lessons. Not only is training done mostly online now
but examinations for certification are also given online.
CCNP Certification BSCI Exam Tutorial The BGP Neighbor Process
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Like TCP
BGP is connection-oriented. An underlying connection between two BGP speakers is established before any routing information is exchanged. This connection takes place on TCP port 179. As with EIGRP and OSPF
keepalive messages are sent out by the BGP speakers in order to keep this relationship alive.
Once the connection is established
the BGP speakers exchange routes and synchronize their tables. After this initial exchange
a BGP speaker will only send further updates upon a change in the network topology.
The IGP protocols that use Autonomous Systems
IGRP and EIGRP
require prospective neighbors to be in the same AS. This is not true with BGP. Routers can be in different Autonomous Systems and still exchange routes. The BGP neighbors do not have to be directly connected
and often are not
but do need to be able to reach the IP addresses they use in their neighbor statements.
A BGP peer that is in the same AS is referred to as an Internal BGP (iBGP) Peer
where a BGP peer in another AS is an External BGP (eBGP) Peer.
A sample iBGP configuration:
Router bgp 100
Neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 100
A sample eBGP configuration:
Router bgp 100
Neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 200
Cisco recommends that eBGP peers be directly connected
where iBGP peers generally will not be.
Before we get too much farther into BGP theory
let’s get a configuration started. You’ll use the router bgp command to configure a router as a BGP speaker. Right after that
the neighbor command will be used to identify this BGP speaker’s potential neighbors. (The terms "peer" and "neighbor" are interchangeable in BGP
but it's the neighbor statement that is used to statically define neighbors. BGP is not capable of discovering neighbors dynamically.)
R1(config-router)#neighbor 172.12.123.3 remote-as 200
While almost all of the neighbor options are just that -- optional -- you do have to specify the BGP AS of the remote router. BGP has no mechanism to dynamically discover neighbors. Remember
BGP speakers do not have to be in the same AS to become peers. To verify that the remote BGP speaker has become a peer
run show ip bgp neighbor.
R1#show ip bgp neighbor
BGP neighbor is 172.12.123.3
remote AS 200
external link
BGP version 4
remote router ID 0.0.0.0
BGP state = Active
Last read 00:01:39
hold time is 180
keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Received 0 messages
0
notifications
0
in queue
Sent 0 messages
0
notifications
0
in queue
Route refresh request: received 0
sent 0
Default minimum time between advertisement runs is 30 seconds
The output here can be a little misleading the first time you read it. The first highlighted line shows 172.12.123.3 is a BGP neighbor
is located in AS 200
and is an external link
indicating that the neighbor is in another AS entirely. The second highlighted line shows the BGP state as Active. This sounds great
but it actually means that a BGP peer connection does not yet exist with the prospective neighbor.
So even though the show ip bgp neighbor output indicated that this is an Active neighbor relationship
that’s not as good as it sounds. Of course
the reason the peer relationship hasn’t been established is that we haven’t configured R3 yet!
R3(config)#router bgp 200
R3(config-router)#neighbor 172.12.123.1 remote-as 100
Verify the peer establishment with show ip bgp neighbor:
R3#show ip bgp neighbor
BGP neighbor is 172.12.123.1
remote AS 100
external link
BGP version 4
remote router ID 172.12.123.1
BGP state = Established
up for 00:01:18
Last read 00:00:17
hold time is 180
keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Local host: 172.12.123.3
Local port: 179 (BGP uses TCP Port 179)
Foreign host: 172.12.123.1
Foreign port: 11007
The peer relationship between R1 and R3 has been established.
Now that you know how the neighbor relationship itself is built
you need to start learning the many options of the neighbor command. You’ll have to master these to become a CCNP and CCIE!
Read More “CCNP Certification BSCI Exam Tutorial The BGP Neighbor Process”
BGP is connection-oriented. An underlying connection between two BGP speakers is established before any routing information is exchanged. This connection takes place on TCP port 179. As with EIGRP and OSPF
keepalive messages are sent out by the BGP speakers in order to keep this relationship alive.
Once the connection is established
the BGP speakers exchange routes and synchronize their tables. After this initial exchange
a BGP speaker will only send further updates upon a change in the network topology.
The IGP protocols that use Autonomous Systems
IGRP and EIGRP
require prospective neighbors to be in the same AS. This is not true with BGP. Routers can be in different Autonomous Systems and still exchange routes. The BGP neighbors do not have to be directly connected
and often are not
but do need to be able to reach the IP addresses they use in their neighbor statements.
A BGP peer that is in the same AS is referred to as an Internal BGP (iBGP) Peer
where a BGP peer in another AS is an External BGP (eBGP) Peer.
A sample iBGP configuration:
Router bgp 100
Neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 100
A sample eBGP configuration:
Router bgp 100
Neighbor 10.1.1.2 remote-as 200
Cisco recommends that eBGP peers be directly connected
where iBGP peers generally will not be.
Before we get too much farther into BGP theory
let’s get a configuration started. You’ll use the router bgp command to configure a router as a BGP speaker. Right after that
the neighbor command will be used to identify this BGP speaker’s potential neighbors. (The terms "peer" and "neighbor" are interchangeable in BGP
but it's the neighbor statement that is used to statically define neighbors. BGP is not capable of discovering neighbors dynamically.)
R1(config-router)#neighbor 172.12.123.3 remote-as 200
While almost all of the neighbor options are just that -- optional -- you do have to specify the BGP AS of the remote router. BGP has no mechanism to dynamically discover neighbors. Remember
BGP speakers do not have to be in the same AS to become peers. To verify that the remote BGP speaker has become a peer
run show ip bgp neighbor.
R1#show ip bgp neighbor
BGP neighbor is 172.12.123.3
remote AS 200
external link
BGP version 4
remote router ID 0.0.0.0
BGP state = Active
Last read 00:01:39
hold time is 180
keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Received 0 messages
0
notifications
0
in queue
Sent 0 messages
0
notifications
0
in queue
Route refresh request: received 0
sent 0
Default minimum time between advertisement runs is 30 seconds
The output here can be a little misleading the first time you read it. The first highlighted line shows 172.12.123.3 is a BGP neighbor
is located in AS 200
and is an external link
indicating that the neighbor is in another AS entirely. The second highlighted line shows the BGP state as Active. This sounds great
but it actually means that a BGP peer connection does not yet exist with the prospective neighbor.
So even though the show ip bgp neighbor output indicated that this is an Active neighbor relationship
that’s not as good as it sounds. Of course
the reason the peer relationship hasn’t been established is that we haven’t configured R3 yet!
R3(config)#router bgp 200
R3(config-router)#neighbor 172.12.123.1 remote-as 100
Verify the peer establishment with show ip bgp neighbor:
R3#show ip bgp neighbor
BGP neighbor is 172.12.123.1
remote AS 100
external link
BGP version 4
remote router ID 172.12.123.1
BGP state = Established
up for 00:01:18
Last read 00:00:17
hold time is 180
keepalive interval is 60 seconds
Local host: 172.12.123.3
Local port: 179 (BGP uses TCP Port 179)
Foreign host: 172.12.123.1
Foreign port: 11007
The peer relationship between R1 and R3 has been established.
Now that you know how the neighbor relationship itself is built
you need to start learning the many options of the neighbor command. You’ll have to master these to become a CCNP and CCIE!
CCNP Certification BSCI Exam Tutorial EIGRP Stuck-In-Active Routes
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Passing the BSCI exam and earning your CCNP is all about knowing the details
and when it comes to EIGRP SIA routes
there are plenty of details to know. A quick check in a search engine for "troubleshoot SIA" will bring up quite a few matches. Troubleshooting SIA routes is very challengin in that there's no one reason they occur.
View the EIGRP topology table with the show ip eigrp topology command
and you'll see a code next to every successor and feasible successor. A popular misconception is that we want these routes to have an "A" next to them - so they're active. That's what we want
right? Active routes sound good
right?
Well
they sound good
but they're not. If a route shows as Active in the EIGRP topology table
that means that DUAL is currently calculating that route
and it's currently unusable. When a route is Passive ("P)
that means it's not being recalculated and it's a usable route.
Generally
a route shown as Active is going to be there for a very short period of time by the time you repeat the command
hopefully that Active route has gone Passive. Sometimes that doesn't happen
though
and the route becomes SIA - Stuck In Active.
A route becomes SIA when a query goes unanswered for so long that the neighbor relationship is reset. From experience
I can tell you that troubleshooting SIA routes is more of an art form than a science
but there are four main reasons a route becomes SIA:
The link is unidirectional
so the query can't possibly be answered.
The queried router's resources are unavailable
generally due to high CPU utilization.
The queried router's memory is corrupt or otherwise unable to allow the router to answer the query.
The link between the two routers is of low quality
allowing just enough packets through to keep the neighbor relationship intact
but not good enough to allow the replies through.
To sum it up
routes generally become SIA when a neighbor either doesn't answer a query
or either the query or reply took a wrong turn somewhere. I told you it wasn't the easiest thing to troubleshoot!
Read More “CCNP Certification BSCI Exam Tutorial EIGRP Stuck-In-Active Routes”
and when it comes to EIGRP SIA routes
there are plenty of details to know. A quick check in a search engine for "troubleshoot SIA" will bring up quite a few matches. Troubleshooting SIA routes is very challengin in that there's no one reason they occur.
View the EIGRP topology table with the show ip eigrp topology command
and you'll see a code next to every successor and feasible successor. A popular misconception is that we want these routes to have an "A" next to them - so they're active. That's what we want
right? Active routes sound good
right?
Well
they sound good
but they're not. If a route shows as Active in the EIGRP topology table
that means that DUAL is currently calculating that route
and it's currently unusable. When a route is Passive ("P)
that means it's not being recalculated and it's a usable route.
Generally
a route shown as Active is going to be there for a very short period of time by the time you repeat the command
hopefully that Active route has gone Passive. Sometimes that doesn't happen
though
and the route becomes SIA - Stuck In Active.
A route becomes SIA when a query goes unanswered for so long that the neighbor relationship is reset. From experience
I can tell you that troubleshooting SIA routes is more of an art form than a science
but there are four main reasons a route becomes SIA:
The link is unidirectional
so the query can't possibly be answered.
The queried router's resources are unavailable
generally due to high CPU utilization.
The queried router's memory is corrupt or otherwise unable to allow the router to answer the query.
The link between the two routers is of low quality
allowing just enough packets through to keep the neighbor relationship intact
but not good enough to allow the replies through.
To sum it up
routes generally become SIA when a neighbor either doesn't answer a query
or either the query or reply took a wrong turn somewhere. I told you it wasn't the easiest thing to troubleshoot!
CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial Server Load Balancing SLB
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When you're working on your BCMSN exam on your way to CCNP certification
you'll read at length about how Cisco routers and multilayer switches can work to provide router redundancy - but there's another helpful service
Server Load Balancing
that does the same for servers. While HSRP
VRRP
and CLBP all represent multiple physical routers to hosts as a single virtual router
SLB represents multiple physical servers to hosts as a single virtual server.
In the following example
three physical servers have been placed into the SRB group ServFarm. They're represented to the hosts as the virtual server 210.1.1.14.
The hosts will seek to communicate with the server at 210.1.1.14
not knowing that they're actually communicating with the routers in ServFarm. This allows quick cutover if one of the physical servers goes down
and also serves to hide the actual IP addresses of the servers in ServFarm.
The basic operations of SLB involves creating the server farm
followed by creating the virtual server. We'll first add 210.1.1.11 to the server farm:
MLS(config)# ip slb serverfarm ServFarm
MLS(config-slb-sfarm)# real 210.1.1.11
MLS(config-slb-real)# inservice
The first command creates the server farm
with the real command specifying the IP address of the real server. The inservice command is required by SLB to consider the server as ready to handle the server farm's workload. The real and inservice commands should be repeated for each server in the server farm.
To create the virtual server:
MLS(config)# ip slb vserver VIRTUAL_SERVER
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# serverfarm ServFarm
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# virtual 210.1.1.14
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# inservice
From the top down
the vserver was named VIRTUAL_SERVER
which represents the server farm ServFarm. The virtual server is assigned the IP address 210.1.1.14
and connections are allowed once the inservice command is applied.
You may also want to control which of your network hosts can connect to the virtual server. If hosts or subnets are named with the client command
those will be the only clients that can connect to the virtual server. Note that this command uses wildcard masks. The following configuration would allow only the hosts on the subnet 210.1.1.0 /24 to connect to the virtual server.
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# client 210.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
SLB is the server end's answer to HSRP
VRRP
and GLBP - but you still need to know it to become a CCNP! Knowing redundancy strategies and protocols is vital in today's networks
so make sure you're comfortable with SLB before taking on the exam.
Read More “CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial Server Load Balancing SLB”
you'll read at length about how Cisco routers and multilayer switches can work to provide router redundancy - but there's another helpful service
Server Load Balancing
that does the same for servers. While HSRP
VRRP
and CLBP all represent multiple physical routers to hosts as a single virtual router
SLB represents multiple physical servers to hosts as a single virtual server.
In the following example
three physical servers have been placed into the SRB group ServFarm. They're represented to the hosts as the virtual server 210.1.1.14.
The hosts will seek to communicate with the server at 210.1.1.14
not knowing that they're actually communicating with the routers in ServFarm. This allows quick cutover if one of the physical servers goes down
and also serves to hide the actual IP addresses of the servers in ServFarm.
The basic operations of SLB involves creating the server farm
followed by creating the virtual server. We'll first add 210.1.1.11 to the server farm:
MLS(config)# ip slb serverfarm ServFarm
MLS(config-slb-sfarm)# real 210.1.1.11
MLS(config-slb-real)# inservice
The first command creates the server farm
with the real command specifying the IP address of the real server. The inservice command is required by SLB to consider the server as ready to handle the server farm's workload. The real and inservice commands should be repeated for each server in the server farm.
To create the virtual server:
MLS(config)# ip slb vserver VIRTUAL_SERVER
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# serverfarm ServFarm
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# virtual 210.1.1.14
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# inservice
From the top down
the vserver was named VIRTUAL_SERVER
which represents the server farm ServFarm. The virtual server is assigned the IP address 210.1.1.14
and connections are allowed once the inservice command is applied.
You may also want to control which of your network hosts can connect to the virtual server. If hosts or subnets are named with the client command
those will be the only clients that can connect to the virtual server. Note that this command uses wildcard masks. The following configuration would allow only the hosts on the subnet 210.1.1.0 /24 to connect to the virtual server.
MLS(config-slb-vserver)# client 210.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
SLB is the server end's answer to HSRP
VRRP
and GLBP - but you still need to know it to become a CCNP! Knowing redundancy strategies and protocols is vital in today's networks
so make sure you're comfortable with SLB before taking on the exam.
CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial QoS Service Types
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To pass the CCNP exams
you’ve got to master Quality of Service
and the first step in doing so is knowing the differences between the different QoS types.
Now this being Cisco
we can't just have one kind of QoS! We've got best-effort delivery
Integrated Services
and Differentiated Services. Let's take a quick look at all three.
Best-effort is just what it sounds like - routers and switches making their "best effort" to deliver data. This is considered QoS
but it's kind of a "default QoS". Best effort is strictly "first in
first out" (FIFO).
An entire path from Point A to Point B will be defined in advance when Integrated Services are in effect. Integrated Services is much like the High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes found in many larger cities. If your car has three or more people in it
you're considered a "priority vehicle" and you can drive in a special lane with much less congestion than regular lanes. Integrated Services will create this lane in advance for "priority traffic"
and when that traffic comes along
the path already exists. Integrated Services uses the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) to create these paths. RSVP guarantees a quality rate of service
since this "priority path" is created in advance.
Integrated Services is defined in RFC 1613. Use your favorite search engine to locate a copy online and read more about this topic. It's a good idea to get into the habit of reading RFCs!
Of course
if you've got a lot of different dedicated paths being created that may or not be used very often
that's a lot of wasted bandwidth. That leads us to the third QoS model
the Differentiated Services model. Generally referred to as DiffServ
there are no advance path reservations and there's no RSVP. The QoS policies are written on the routers and switches
and they take action dynamically as needed. Since each router and switch can have a different QoS policy
DiffServ takes effect on a per-hop basis rather than the per-flow basis of Integrated Services. A packet can be considered "high priority" by one router and "normal priority" by the next.
Believe me
this is just the beginning when it comes to Quality of Service. It's a huge topic on your exams and in the real world's production networks
and as with all other Cisco topics
just master the fundamentals and build from there - and you're on your way to CCNP exam success!
Read More “CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial QoS Service Types”
you’ve got to master Quality of Service
and the first step in doing so is knowing the differences between the different QoS types.
Now this being Cisco
we can't just have one kind of QoS! We've got best-effort delivery
Integrated Services
and Differentiated Services. Let's take a quick look at all three.
Best-effort is just what it sounds like - routers and switches making their "best effort" to deliver data. This is considered QoS
but it's kind of a "default QoS". Best effort is strictly "first in
first out" (FIFO).
An entire path from Point A to Point B will be defined in advance when Integrated Services are in effect. Integrated Services is much like the High-Occupancy Vehicle lanes found in many larger cities. If your car has three or more people in it
you're considered a "priority vehicle" and you can drive in a special lane with much less congestion than regular lanes. Integrated Services will create this lane in advance for "priority traffic"
and when that traffic comes along
the path already exists. Integrated Services uses the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) to create these paths. RSVP guarantees a quality rate of service
since this "priority path" is created in advance.
Integrated Services is defined in RFC 1613. Use your favorite search engine to locate a copy online and read more about this topic. It's a good idea to get into the habit of reading RFCs!
Of course
if you've got a lot of different dedicated paths being created that may or not be used very often
that's a lot of wasted bandwidth. That leads us to the third QoS model
the Differentiated Services model. Generally referred to as DiffServ
there are no advance path reservations and there's no RSVP. The QoS policies are written on the routers and switches
and they take action dynamically as needed. Since each router and switch can have a different QoS policy
DiffServ takes effect on a per-hop basis rather than the per-flow basis of Integrated Services. A packet can be considered "high priority" by one router and "normal priority" by the next.
Believe me
this is just the beginning when it comes to Quality of Service. It's a huge topic on your exams and in the real world's production networks
and as with all other Cisco topics
just master the fundamentals and build from there - and you're on your way to CCNP exam success!
CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial HSRP MAC Addresses And Timers
Monday, 17 August 2009Posted by
Best-Product
To earn your CCNP certification and pass the BCMSN exam
you've got to know what HSRP does and the many configurable options. While the operation of HSRP is quite simple (and covered in a previous tutorial)
you also need to know how HSRP arrives at the MAC address for the virtual router - as well as how to configure a new MAC for this virtual router. This puts us in the unusual position of creating a physical address for a router that doesn't exist!
The output of show standby for a two-router HSRP configuration is shown below.
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Standby
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 0.776
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is 172.12.23.3
priority 100 expires in 9.568
Standby router is local
1 state changes
last state change 00:00:22
R3#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Active
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 2.592
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is local
Standby router is 172.12.23.2 expires in 8.020
Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05
2 state changes
last state change 00:02:08
R3 is in Active state
while R2 is in Standby. The hosts are using the 172.12.123.10 address as their gateway
but R3 is actually handling the workload. R2 will take over if R3 becomes unavailable.
An IP address was assigned to the virtual router during the HSRP configuration process
but not a MAC address. However
there is a MAC address under the show standby output on R3
the active router. How did the HSRP process arrive at a MAC of 00-00-0c-07-ac-05?
Well
most of the work is already done before the configuration is even begun. The MAC address 00-00-0c-07-ac-xx is reserved for HSRP
and xx is the group number in hexadecimal. That's a good skill to have for the exam
so make sure you're comfortable with hex conversions. The group number is 5
which is expressed as 05 with a two-bit hex character. If the group number had been 17
we'd see 11 at the end of the MAC address - one unit of 16
one unit of 1.
The output of the show standby command also tells us that the HSRP speakers are sending Hellos every 3 seconds
with a 10-second holdtime. These values can be changed with the standby command
but HSRP speakers in the same group should have the same timers. You can even tie down the hello time to the millisecond
but it's doubtful you'll ever need to do that.
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers ?
<1-254> Hello interval in seconds
msec Specify hello interval in milliseconds
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers 4 ?
<5-255> Hold time in seconds
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers 4 12
Another important HSRP skill is knowing how to change the Active router assignment. I'll show you how to do that
and how to configure HSRP interface tracking
in the next part of my CCNP / BCMSN exam tutorial!
Read More “CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial HSRP MAC Addresses And Timers”
you've got to know what HSRP does and the many configurable options. While the operation of HSRP is quite simple (and covered in a previous tutorial)
you also need to know how HSRP arrives at the MAC address for the virtual router - as well as how to configure a new MAC for this virtual router. This puts us in the unusual position of creating a physical address for a router that doesn't exist!
The output of show standby for a two-router HSRP configuration is shown below.
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Standby
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 0.776
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is 172.12.23.3
priority 100 expires in 9.568
Standby router is local
1 state changes
last state change 00:00:22
R3#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Active
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 2.592
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is local
Standby router is 172.12.23.2 expires in 8.020
Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05
2 state changes
last state change 00:02:08
R3 is in Active state
while R2 is in Standby. The hosts are using the 172.12.123.10 address as their gateway
but R3 is actually handling the workload. R2 will take over if R3 becomes unavailable.
An IP address was assigned to the virtual router during the HSRP configuration process
but not a MAC address. However
there is a MAC address under the show standby output on R3
the active router. How did the HSRP process arrive at a MAC of 00-00-0c-07-ac-05?
Well
most of the work is already done before the configuration is even begun. The MAC address 00-00-0c-07-ac-xx is reserved for HSRP
and xx is the group number in hexadecimal. That's a good skill to have for the exam
so make sure you're comfortable with hex conversions. The group number is 5
which is expressed as 05 with a two-bit hex character. If the group number had been 17
we'd see 11 at the end of the MAC address - one unit of 16
one unit of 1.
The output of the show standby command also tells us that the HSRP speakers are sending Hellos every 3 seconds
with a 10-second holdtime. These values can be changed with the standby command
but HSRP speakers in the same group should have the same timers. You can even tie down the hello time to the millisecond
but it's doubtful you'll ever need to do that.
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers ?
<1-254> Hello interval in seconds
msec Specify hello interval in milliseconds
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers 4 ?
<5-255> Hold time in seconds
R3(config-if)#standby 5 timers 4 12
Another important HSRP skill is knowing how to change the Active router assignment. I'll show you how to do that
and how to configure HSRP interface tracking
in the next part of my CCNP / BCMSN exam tutorial!
CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial Getting Started With HSRP
Posted by
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Defined in RFC 2281
HSRP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol in which routers are put into an HSRP router group. Along with dynamic routing protocols and STP
HSRP is considered a high-availability network service
since all three have an almost immediate cutover to a secondary path when the primary path is unavailable.
One of the routers will be selected as the primary ("Active"
in HSRP terminology)
and that primary will handle the routing while the other routers are in standby
ready to handle the load if the primary router becomes unavailable. In this fashion
HSRP ensures a high network uptime
since it routes IP traffic without relying on a single router.
The hosts using HSRP as a gateway don't know the actual IP or MAC addresses of the routers in the group. They're communicating with a pseudorouter
a "virtual router" created by the HSRP configuration. This virtual router will have a virtual MAC and IP adddress as well.
The standby routers aren't just going to be sitting there
though! By configuring multiple HSRP groups on a single interface
HSRP load balancing can be achieved.
Before we get to the more advanced HSRP configuration
we better get a basic one started! We'll be using a two-router topology here
and keep in mind that one or both of these routers could be multilayer switches as well. For ease of reading
I'm going to refer to them only as routers.
R2 and R3 will both be configured to be in standby group 5. The virtual router will have an IP address of 172.12.23.10 /24. All hosts in VLAN 100 should use this address as their default gateway.
R2(config)#interface ethernet0
R2(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10
R3(config)#interface ethernet0
R3(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10
The show command for HSRP is show standby
and it's the first command you should run while configuring and troubleshooting HSRP. Let's run it on both routers and compare results.
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Standby
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 0.776
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is 172.12.23.3
priority 100 expires in 9.568
Standby router is local
1 state changes
last state change 00:00:22
R3#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Active
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 2.592
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is local
Standby router is 172.12.23.2 expires in 8.020
Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05
2 state changes
last state change 00:02:08
We can see that R3 has been selected as the Active router ("local state is Active")
the virtual router's IP is 172.12.23.10
and R2 is the standby router.
There are some HSRP values that you'll need to change from time to time. What if we want R2 to be the Active router instead? Can we change the MAC address of the virtual router? I'll answer those questions in the next part of this HSRP tutorial!
Read More “CCNP Certification BCMSN Exam Tutorial Getting Started With HSRP”
HSRP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol in which routers are put into an HSRP router group. Along with dynamic routing protocols and STP
HSRP is considered a high-availability network service
since all three have an almost immediate cutover to a secondary path when the primary path is unavailable.
One of the routers will be selected as the primary ("Active"
in HSRP terminology)
and that primary will handle the routing while the other routers are in standby
ready to handle the load if the primary router becomes unavailable. In this fashion
HSRP ensures a high network uptime
since it routes IP traffic without relying on a single router.
The hosts using HSRP as a gateway don't know the actual IP or MAC addresses of the routers in the group. They're communicating with a pseudorouter
a "virtual router" created by the HSRP configuration. This virtual router will have a virtual MAC and IP adddress as well.
The standby routers aren't just going to be sitting there
though! By configuring multiple HSRP groups on a single interface
HSRP load balancing can be achieved.
Before we get to the more advanced HSRP configuration
we better get a basic one started! We'll be using a two-router topology here
and keep in mind that one or both of these routers could be multilayer switches as well. For ease of reading
I'm going to refer to them only as routers.
R2 and R3 will both be configured to be in standby group 5. The virtual router will have an IP address of 172.12.23.10 /24. All hosts in VLAN 100 should use this address as their default gateway.
R2(config)#interface ethernet0
R2(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10
R3(config)#interface ethernet0
R3(config-if)#standby 5 ip 172.12.23.10
The show command for HSRP is show standby
and it's the first command you should run while configuring and troubleshooting HSRP. Let's run it on both routers and compare results.
R2#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Standby
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 0.776
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is 172.12.23.3
priority 100 expires in 9.568
Standby router is local
1 state changes
last state change 00:00:22
R3#show standby
Ethernet0 - Group 5
Local state is Active
priority 100
Hellotime 3 sec
holdtime 10 sec
Next hello sent in 2.592
Virtual IP address is 172.12.23.10 configured
Active router is local
Standby router is 172.12.23.2 expires in 8.020
Virtual mac address is 0000.0c07.ac05
2 state changes
last state change 00:02:08
We can see that R3 has been selected as the Active router ("local state is Active")
the virtual router's IP is 172.12.23.10
and R2 is the standby router.
There are some HSRP values that you'll need to change from time to time. What if we want R2 to be the Active router instead? Can we change the MAC address of the virtual router? I'll answer those questions in the next part of this HSRP tutorial!
CCNP BSCI Exam Tutorial Route Summarization And The OSPF Null Interface
Sunday, 16 August 2009Posted by
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CCNP BCMSN Exam Tutorial VLAN Trunking Protocol VTP
Posted by
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Passing the BCMSN exam and getting one step closer to the CCNP certification means learning and noticing details that you were not presented with in your CCNA studies. (Yes
I know – you had more than enough details then
right?) One protocol you’ve got to learn more details about is VTP
which seemed simple enough in your CCNA studies! Part of learning the details is mastering the fundamentals
so in this tutorial we’ll review the basics of VTP.
In show vtp status readouts
the "VTP Operating Mode" is set to "Server" by default. The more familiar term for VTP Operating Mode is simply VTP Mode
and Server is the default. It's through the usage of VTP modes that we can place limits on which switches can delete and create VLANs.
In Server mode
a VTP switch can be used to create
modify
and delete VLANs. This means that a VTP deployment has to have at least one switch in Server mode
or VLAN creation will not be possible. Again
this is the default setting for Cisco switches.
Switches running in Client mode cannot be used to create
modify
or delete VLANs. Clients do listen for VTP advertisements and act accordingly when VTP advertisements notify the Client of VLAN changes.
VTP Transparent mode actually means that the switch isn't participating in the VTP domain as Servers and Clients do. (Bear with me here.) Transparent VTP switches don't synchronize their VTP databases with other VTP speakers. They don't even advertise their own VLAN information! Therefore
any VLANs created on a Transparent VTP switch will not be advertised to other VTP speakers in the domain
making them locally significant only. (I know you remember that phrase from your CCNA studies!)
Devices running VTP Transparent mode do have a little something to do with the other switches in the VTP domain
though. When a switch running in Transparent mode receives a VTP advertisement
that switch will forward that advertisement to other switches in that VTP domain.
Configuring switches as VTP Clients is a great way to “tie down” VLAN creation capabilities to switches that are under your physical control. However
this occasionally leads to a situation where only the VTP clients will have ports that belong to a given VLAN
but the VLAN still has to be created on the VTP server. (VLANs can be created and deleted in transparent mode
but those changes aren't advertised to other switches in the VTP domain.)
In the next BCMSN tutorial
we’ll take a look at the details of VTP.
Read More “CCNP BCMSN Exam Tutorial VLAN Trunking Protocol VTP”
I know – you had more than enough details then
right?) One protocol you’ve got to learn more details about is VTP
which seemed simple enough in your CCNA studies! Part of learning the details is mastering the fundamentals
so in this tutorial we’ll review the basics of VTP.
In show vtp status readouts
the "VTP Operating Mode" is set to "Server" by default. The more familiar term for VTP Operating Mode is simply VTP Mode
and Server is the default. It's through the usage of VTP modes that we can place limits on which switches can delete and create VLANs.
In Server mode
a VTP switch can be used to create
modify
and delete VLANs. This means that a VTP deployment has to have at least one switch in Server mode
or VLAN creation will not be possible. Again
this is the default setting for Cisco switches.
Switches running in Client mode cannot be used to create
modify
or delete VLANs. Clients do listen for VTP advertisements and act accordingly when VTP advertisements notify the Client of VLAN changes.
VTP Transparent mode actually means that the switch isn't participating in the VTP domain as Servers and Clients do. (Bear with me here.) Transparent VTP switches don't synchronize their VTP databases with other VTP speakers. They don't even advertise their own VLAN information! Therefore
any VLANs created on a Transparent VTP switch will not be advertised to other VTP speakers in the domain
making them locally significant only. (I know you remember that phrase from your CCNA studies!)
Devices running VTP Transparent mode do have a little something to do with the other switches in the VTP domain
though. When a switch running in Transparent mode receives a VTP advertisement
that switch will forward that advertisement to other switches in that VTP domain.
Configuring switches as VTP Clients is a great way to “tie down” VLAN creation capabilities to switches that are under your physical control. However
this occasionally leads to a situation where only the VTP clients will have ports that belong to a given VLAN
but the VLAN still has to be created on the VTP server. (VLANs can be created and deleted in transparent mode
but those changes aren't advertised to other switches in the VTP domain.)
In the next BCMSN tutorial
we’ll take a look at the details of VTP.
CCNA Certification Exam Tutorial Cisco Switching Modes
Posted by
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To pass the CCNA exam and earn this important certification
you’ve got to know switching inside and out. While you’re learning all the basic switching theory
make sure to spend some time with the one of three switching modes Cisco routers can use.
Store-and-Forward is exactly what it sounds like. The entire frame will be stored before it is forwarded. This mode allows for the greatest amount of error checking
since a CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Check) is run against the frame before it is forwarded. If the frame contains an error
it is discarded. If there’s no problem with the frame
the frame is then forwarded to its proper destination.
While store-and-forward does perform error checking
the delay in processing the frame while this error check is run results in higher latency than the other modes you’re about to read about. The latency time can also vary
since not all frames are the same size.
Cut-through switching copies only the destination MAC address into its memory before beginning to forward the frame. Since the frame is being forwarded as soon as the destination MAC is read
there is less latency than store-and-forward. The drawback is that there is no error checking.
There is a middle ground
fragment-free switching. Only part of the frame is copied to memory before it is forwarded
but it’s the first 64 bytes of the frame
not just the destination MAC. (Why? Because if there is a problem with the frame
it’s most likely in the first 64 bytes.) There is a little more error checking than cut-through
but not as much latency as with store-and-forward.
Note that the latency of both cut-through and fragment-free is fixed; these modes always look at the first six or 64 bytes
respectively. Store-and-forward's latency depends on the size of the frame.
Learning the similarities and differences between these modes is an often-overlooked part of CCNA studies. Spend some time studying this important CCNA topic – you’ll be glad you did!
Read More “CCNA Certification Exam Tutorial Cisco Switching Modes”
you’ve got to know switching inside and out. While you’re learning all the basic switching theory
make sure to spend some time with the one of three switching modes Cisco routers can use.
Store-and-Forward is exactly what it sounds like. The entire frame will be stored before it is forwarded. This mode allows for the greatest amount of error checking
since a CRC (Cyclical Redundancy Check) is run against the frame before it is forwarded. If the frame contains an error
it is discarded. If there’s no problem with the frame
the frame is then forwarded to its proper destination.
While store-and-forward does perform error checking
the delay in processing the frame while this error check is run results in higher latency than the other modes you’re about to read about. The latency time can also vary
since not all frames are the same size.
Cut-through switching copies only the destination MAC address into its memory before beginning to forward the frame. Since the frame is being forwarded as soon as the destination MAC is read
there is less latency than store-and-forward. The drawback is that there is no error checking.
There is a middle ground
fragment-free switching. Only part of the frame is copied to memory before it is forwarded
but it’s the first 64 bytes of the frame
not just the destination MAC. (Why? Because if there is a problem with the frame
it’s most likely in the first 64 bytes.) There is a little more error checking than cut-through
but not as much latency as with store-and-forward.
Note that the latency of both cut-through and fragment-free is fixed; these modes always look at the first six or 64 bytes
respectively. Store-and-forward's latency depends on the size of the frame.
Learning the similarities and differences between these modes is an often-overlooked part of CCNA studies. Spend some time studying this important CCNA topic – you’ll be glad you did!
CCNA CCNP Home Lab Tutorial The VLAN.DAT File
Posted by
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CCNA and CCNP candidates who have their own Cisco home labs often email me about an odd situation that occurs when they erase a switch's configuration. Their startup configuration is gone
as they expect
but the VLAN and VTP information is still there!
Sounds strange
doesn't it? Let's look at an example. On SW1
we run show vlan brief and see in this abbreviated output that there are three additional vlans in use:
SW1#show vlan br
10 VLAN0010 active
20 VLAN0020 active
30 VLAN0030 active
We want to totally erase the router's startup configuration
so we use the write erase command
confirm it
and reload without saving the running config:
SW1#write erase
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue?
[confirm]
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
00:06:00: %SYS-7-NV_BLOCK_INIT: Initalized the geometry of nvram
SW1#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: n
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
The router reloads
and after exiting setup mode
we run show vlan brief again. And even though the startup configuration was erased
the vlans are still there!
Switch#show vlan br
10 VLAN0010 active
20 VLAN0020 active
30 VLAN0030 active
The reason is that this vlan and VTP information is actually kept in the VLAN.DAT file in Flash memory
and the contents of Flash are kept on a reload. The file has to be deleted manually.
There's a little trick to deleting this file. The switch will prompt you twice to ask if you really want to get rid of this file. Don't type "y" or "yes"; just accept the defaults by hitting the return key. If you type "y"
the router attempts to delete a file named "y"
as shown here:
Switch#delete vlan.dat
Delete filename [vlan.dat]? y
Delete flash:y? [confirm]
%Error deleting flash:y (No such file or directory)
Switch#delete vlan.dat
Delete filename [vlan.dat]?
Delete flash:vlan.dat? [confirm]
Switch#
The best way to prepare for CCNA and CCNP exam success is by working on real Cisco equipment
and by performing lab tasks over and over. Repetition is the mother of skill
and by truly erasing your VLAN and VTP information by deleting the vlan.dat file from Flash
you'll be building your Cisco skills to the point where your CCNA and CCNP exam success is a certainty.
Read More “CCNA CCNP Home Lab Tutorial The VLAN.DAT File”
as they expect
but the VLAN and VTP information is still there!
Sounds strange
doesn't it? Let's look at an example. On SW1
we run show vlan brief and see in this abbreviated output that there are three additional vlans in use:
SW1#show vlan br
10 VLAN0010 active
20 VLAN0020 active
30 VLAN0030 active
We want to totally erase the router's startup configuration
so we use the write erase command
confirm it
and reload without saving the running config:
SW1#write erase
Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue?
[confirm]
[OK]
Erase of nvram: complete
00:06:00: %SYS-7-NV_BLOCK_INIT: Initalized the geometry of nvram
SW1#reload
System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: n
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
The router reloads
and after exiting setup mode
we run show vlan brief again. And even though the startup configuration was erased
the vlans are still there!
Switch#show vlan br
10 VLAN0010 active
20 VLAN0020 active
30 VLAN0030 active
The reason is that this vlan and VTP information is actually kept in the VLAN.DAT file in Flash memory
and the contents of Flash are kept on a reload. The file has to be deleted manually.
There's a little trick to deleting this file. The switch will prompt you twice to ask if you really want to get rid of this file. Don't type "y" or "yes"; just accept the defaults by hitting the return key. If you type "y"
the router attempts to delete a file named "y"
as shown here:
Switch#delete vlan.dat
Delete filename [vlan.dat]? y
Delete flash:y? [confirm]
%Error deleting flash:y (No such file or directory)
Switch#delete vlan.dat
Delete filename [vlan.dat]?
Delete flash:vlan.dat? [confirm]
Switch#
The best way to prepare for CCNA and CCNP exam success is by working on real Cisco equipment
and by performing lab tasks over and over. Repetition is the mother of skill
and by truly erasing your VLAN and VTP information by deleting the vlan.dat file from Flash
you'll be building your Cisco skills to the point where your CCNA and CCNP exam success is a certainty.
CCNA
Posted by
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CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate - a certification for IT professionals that is issued by Cisco Systems
Inc.
one of the most successful computer networking companies. Cisco manufactures and markets a wide range of devices for both enterprises and telecommunications carriers. Cisco is an abbreviation of San FranCISCO.
The Cisco Certified Network Associate is an apprentice
or foundation level (along with Cisco Certified Design Associate)
within the three levels of certification that include Associate
Professional
and Expert. Basically
CCNA professionals are certified to install
configure
and operate LAN
WAN
and dial access services for small networks (100 nodes or fewer)
including but not exclusive to use of these protocols: IP
IGRP
Serial
Frame Relay
IP RIP
VLANs
RIP
Ethernet
and Access Lists. The certification is valid for three years
after which recertification may be sought.
In order to hold a CCNA certification
a candidate has to pass either the Cisco Certified Network Associate Exam or a combination of Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies Exam and Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Exam. Main topics for these three exams include Planning and Designing; Design and Support; Implementation and Operation; Troubleshooting; and Technology. Other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam.
There are also some recommended training programs that may be taken before the above-mentioned examinations. These programs include Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies (INTRO)
Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (ICND)
and Additional Training (CCNA Prep Center Pilot). These trainings incorporate topics such as fundamental knowledge and comprehension of networking; how to select
connect
configure
and troubleshoot the various Cisco networking devices; sample questions
simulations
e-learning modules
labs
tips
etc.
Read More “CCNA”
Inc.
one of the most successful computer networking companies. Cisco manufactures and markets a wide range of devices for both enterprises and telecommunications carriers. Cisco is an abbreviation of San FranCISCO.
The Cisco Certified Network Associate is an apprentice
or foundation level (along with Cisco Certified Design Associate)
within the three levels of certification that include Associate
Professional
and Expert. Basically
CCNA professionals are certified to install
configure
and operate LAN
WAN
and dial access services for small networks (100 nodes or fewer)
including but not exclusive to use of these protocols: IP
IGRP
Serial
Frame Relay
IP RIP
VLANs
RIP
Ethernet
and Access Lists. The certification is valid for three years
after which recertification may be sought.
In order to hold a CCNA certification
a candidate has to pass either the Cisco Certified Network Associate Exam or a combination of Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies Exam and Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Exam. Main topics for these three exams include Planning and Designing; Design and Support; Implementation and Operation; Troubleshooting; and Technology. Other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam.
There are also some recommended training programs that may be taken before the above-mentioned examinations. These programs include Introduction to Cisco Networking Technologies (INTRO)
Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (ICND)
and Additional Training (CCNA Prep Center Pilot). These trainings incorporate topics such as fundamental knowledge and comprehension of networking; how to select
connect
configure
and troubleshoot the various Cisco networking devices; sample questions
simulations
e-learning modules
labs
tips
etc.
Boost Your Career And Benefit From A Microsoft Certification Or Two Or Three
Posted by
Best-Product
You went to college and thought you were prepared for the job market. If you are going for entry-level work
yeah
you are prepared. However
to really get ahead
you need Microsoft certification
whether it is an MCP
MCSA
MCSE or any other string of letters. Quite a few people will go for multiple certifications to broaden their experience and scope of possible job opportunities.
Some of the Microsoft certifications require you have to have at least one year of practical experience in order to pursue a certification
namely an MCSE or Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. It is important to have that experience that these certain certifications require because the training
like the MCSE training and the MCSE exams that follow
are very intense. In fact
some people will not only partake of the standard MCSE training
but also MCSE boot camps for more in-depth studies into their certification.
One standard benefit to having a Microsoft certification is that it is a great basic means of analyzing the aptitude of an employee. If you are a manager or owner in a business
you want some way to evaluate that employee’s skills. And if you are the employee
you know that your boss recognizes your abilities.
If you are on the hunt for a new job
then potential hiring managers and employers have a basis in which to assess your qualifications. Without that Microsoft certification on your resume
these employers would have no idea about your skills and most likely would consider someone else
someone with a certification
for the position you were aiming for.
If you do not have much hands-on experience in your field
but you do have the Microsoft certification to prove that you know the material
you would also have a leg up on anyone else applying for the same position that may have more hands-on experience
but no certification. For some reason
that certification
those little string of letters like MCP or MCSE
hold a lot of power.
Yet another benefit to holding a Microsoft certification or two is the money aspect of it all. Sure
you shelled out some major bucks to fund your education in those MCP courses or that MCSE training
but consider it an investment in yourself. With certification
you can bargain a higher salary and even reimbursement for your training!
Many professionals in the IT field or in a company in which you work in an IT department could benefit from Microsoft certification. Do you work as an Administrator for a network
mail or web server? Are you involved in the security of networks and the internet? Any of those positions and much more benefit with additional training and certification. Just think money! It is the biggest motivator. The more you know and can bring to a position
the more money you stand to make.
So think about going for your MCSE or MCP certification or any number of others available. More training; more knowledge; more money ... sounds like a no-brainer! Go nuts and get certified today!
Read More “Boost Your Career And Benefit From A Microsoft Certification Or Two Or Three”
yeah
you are prepared. However
to really get ahead
you need Microsoft certification
whether it is an MCP
MCSA
MCSE or any other string of letters. Quite a few people will go for multiple certifications to broaden their experience and scope of possible job opportunities.
Some of the Microsoft certifications require you have to have at least one year of practical experience in order to pursue a certification
namely an MCSE or Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. It is important to have that experience that these certain certifications require because the training
like the MCSE training and the MCSE exams that follow
are very intense. In fact
some people will not only partake of the standard MCSE training
but also MCSE boot camps for more in-depth studies into their certification.
One standard benefit to having a Microsoft certification is that it is a great basic means of analyzing the aptitude of an employee. If you are a manager or owner in a business
you want some way to evaluate that employee’s skills. And if you are the employee
you know that your boss recognizes your abilities.
If you are on the hunt for a new job
then potential hiring managers and employers have a basis in which to assess your qualifications. Without that Microsoft certification on your resume
these employers would have no idea about your skills and most likely would consider someone else
someone with a certification
for the position you were aiming for.
If you do not have much hands-on experience in your field
but you do have the Microsoft certification to prove that you know the material
you would also have a leg up on anyone else applying for the same position that may have more hands-on experience
but no certification. For some reason
that certification
those little string of letters like MCP or MCSE
hold a lot of power.
Yet another benefit to holding a Microsoft certification or two is the money aspect of it all. Sure
you shelled out some major bucks to fund your education in those MCP courses or that MCSE training
but consider it an investment in yourself. With certification
you can bargain a higher salary and even reimbursement for your training!
Many professionals in the IT field or in a company in which you work in an IT department could benefit from Microsoft certification. Do you work as an Administrator for a network
mail or web server? Are you involved in the security of networks and the internet? Any of those positions and much more benefit with additional training and certification. Just think money! It is the biggest motivator. The more you know and can bring to a position
the more money you stand to make.
So think about going for your MCSE or MCP certification or any number of others available. More training; more knowledge; more money ... sounds like a no-brainer! Go nuts and get certified today!
Be Certifiable The Basics Of MCSE And MCP
Posted by
Best-Product
It is not always who you know
but what you know. That is why obtaining Microsoft certification can be a valuable asset to your career. Of course
it does depend on what career path you want to take as to whether you want to get either MCSE training or MCP training or anything else for that matter. So what do those abbreviations MCSE and MCP stand for anyway?
MCP stands for Microsoft Certified Professional and MCSE is an abbreviation for Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. What exactly does having a Microsoft certification mean anyway? We know that it looks good on a resume and opens new doors in your career. Did you know that being certifiable - in Microsoft anyway - sometimes will also boost your pay? Experience counts for a lot
but having a Microsoft certification or two does not hurt either!
So what does it take to be and MCP or MCSE? Lots of studying! The MCP courses and MCP exams are geared toward a more rounded technical professional. Candidates for MCP must pass one current certification test from Microsoft. Passing one of the exams demonstrates that the candidate has a consistent level of technical expertise.
With the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer path
there are MCSE boot camps that help prepare candidates for the MCSE exams. These MCSE boot camps are intense classes often packed into a full two week period instead of the traditional weekly MCSE training classes in preparation for the MCSE exams. This path is more involved. MCSE certification is standard in the IT field and prepares you for anything from the design of a system’s infrastructure to analyzing the company’s needs before implementing a design.
Unlike those individuals who take the MCP training to prepare for MCP exams
students of MCSE have a course of study that is more intense. Instead of one test to prepare for
they have seven tests that they are required to pass to get their Microsoft certification. Yikes! Seven! They have five main exams to take as well as two electives. The five required MCSE exams are broken down into four operating system exams and one design exam. The two electives typically deal with other issues in design and implementation not covered in the five core tests.
After learning a few basics
it is easy to see that the MCP or Microsoft Certified Professional is really just a stepping stone to bigger and greater things in the world of Microsoft certification. The individuals who go for the MCP have a leg up on those peers who have no technical experience. They will have a better grasp on technical issues and usually stay a step ahead of trends. The MCSE is more specialized and appeals to the techno geek with a penchant for design and implementation. They like knowing how stuff works. So market yourself and become certifiable!
Read More “Be Certifiable The Basics Of MCSE And MCP”
but what you know. That is why obtaining Microsoft certification can be a valuable asset to your career. Of course
it does depend on what career path you want to take as to whether you want to get either MCSE training or MCP training or anything else for that matter. So what do those abbreviations MCSE and MCP stand for anyway?
MCP stands for Microsoft Certified Professional and MCSE is an abbreviation for Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer. What exactly does having a Microsoft certification mean anyway? We know that it looks good on a resume and opens new doors in your career. Did you know that being certifiable - in Microsoft anyway - sometimes will also boost your pay? Experience counts for a lot
but having a Microsoft certification or two does not hurt either!
So what does it take to be and MCP or MCSE? Lots of studying! The MCP courses and MCP exams are geared toward a more rounded technical professional. Candidates for MCP must pass one current certification test from Microsoft. Passing one of the exams demonstrates that the candidate has a consistent level of technical expertise.
With the Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer path
there are MCSE boot camps that help prepare candidates for the MCSE exams. These MCSE boot camps are intense classes often packed into a full two week period instead of the traditional weekly MCSE training classes in preparation for the MCSE exams. This path is more involved. MCSE certification is standard in the IT field and prepares you for anything from the design of a system’s infrastructure to analyzing the company’s needs before implementing a design.
Unlike those individuals who take the MCP training to prepare for MCP exams
students of MCSE have a course of study that is more intense. Instead of one test to prepare for
they have seven tests that they are required to pass to get their Microsoft certification. Yikes! Seven! They have five main exams to take as well as two electives. The five required MCSE exams are broken down into four operating system exams and one design exam. The two electives typically deal with other issues in design and implementation not covered in the five core tests.
After learning a few basics
it is easy to see that the MCP or Microsoft Certified Professional is really just a stepping stone to bigger and greater things in the world of Microsoft certification. The individuals who go for the MCP have a leg up on those peers who have no technical experience. They will have a better grasp on technical issues and usually stay a step ahead of trends. The MCSE is more specialized and appeals to the techno geek with a penchant for design and implementation. They like knowing how stuff works. So market yourself and become certifiable!
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